The Effects of Agonists

The Effects of AgonistsIntroductionThe investigation knotty examines to determine the pharmacological properties of a range of reference medicates, and angiotensin-converting enzyme unfathomable drug. This information sack up be apply to help our understanding of how drugs turning upon different receptor sites, and how they interact with another(prenominal) drugs. The effects of agonists were investigated, along with how they ar affected by antagonists. From investigating the reproducibility, mimicry and effects of antagonism on the reference drugs and the unknow drug, A3, it was concluded that the unknown drug was Carbachol.Cholinergic DrugsCarbachol was one of three cholinergic drugs under investigation. The other two being acetyl groupcholine and methacholine. Acetylcholine is the endogenic neurotransmitter at cholinergic synapses and neuroeffector junctions in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Its actions atomic number 18 mediated through nicotinic and muscar inic cholinergic receptors 1. These muscarinic receptors atomic number 18 blocked by atropine, an anticholinergic drug drug. Atropine prevents the effects of acetylcholine by blocking its binding to muscarinic cholinergic receptors 1. This could be seen in the results from the investigation as atropine cause an increase in the ED50 value of acetylcholine.There be certain pharmacological properties that ar required from a parasympathomimetic drug that make it suitable for therapeutic cut throughment. It should give a high simile for cholinergic receptors, enabling a response to be brought about by the tissue. The drug should also be resistant to cholinesterase in that respectfore it allow not be easily broken drink down inside the body. This prolongs the activity of the drug, marrow fewer doses of the drug have to be administered to or by the patient. This will therefore result in increased patient compliance as it is more convenient for them to have to take fewer doses.cl inical, therapeutic uses of acetylcholine are restricted due to its lack of selectivity for cholinergic receptors, and its rapid degradation by cholinesterases. This degradation, or break down of acetylcholine was observed in the results of the investigation, where it could be seen that acetylcholine had been digested by acetylcholinesterase present in horse blood, which acetylcholine had been incubated with. Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine to choline and an acetate convention. This breakdown of acetylcholine prevented a response in the guinea pig ileum.Although the therapeutic uses of acetylcholine are restricted, there are clinical applications in blocking acetylcholine through the use of antagonists, and mimicking acetylcholine, by using agonists that act upon the same receptors. Such agonists include methacholine, a unreal choline ester, which is also a muscarinic receptor agonist. It differs from acetylcholine as it has an extra methyl group on the beta carbon of acetylcholine. This results in it being more selective at muscarinic receptors and less selective at nicotinic receptors. It is also less susceptible to acetylcholinesterase than acetylcholine so it has a greater duration of action in the body.Muscarinic agonists belt along bronchial smooth muscleman in the lungs causing bronchoconstriction. Methacholine bed therefore be administered for the diagnosis of bronchial hyperreactivity and reedy conditions, in what is known as a bronchial challenge test. This involves the breathing in of nebulised methacholine which will cause the patients airways to narrow. Those who are suffering from bronchial hyperreactivity or an asthmatic condition will react to lower doses of methacholine, allowing the diagnosis of the condition.Carbachol is also a choline ester derivative of Acetylcholine. It differs in that it substitutes a carbamoyl group for the terminal methyl group of acetylcholine. This substitution makes carbachol resistant to digest ion by cholinesterases, as seen in the results from flesh 3. subsequently incubation with horse blood as a source of esterase, carbachol quieten produced a similar response in the guinea pig ileum, display that it had not been broken down by the esterase.Carbachol Structure Acetylcholine StructureClinical applications of carbachol include the treatment of glaucoma. Glaucoma is a condition affecting the eyes and it is ca utilise by the build up of aqueous humour in the anterior sleeping room of the eye, due to the obstruction of outflow. Parasympathomimetics such as carbachol reduce pressure in the eye by contraction of the circular muscle of the iris, causing light reflex of the pupil and increasing outflow of the aqueous humour. Carbachol can be administered as eye drops to treat this condition.Carbachol can also be used to treat non obstructive urinary retention, as in postoperative urinary retention. Carbachol contracts the detrusor muscle of the bladder, decreases the bladd er capacity, and increases uretal peristalsis.Indirect agonistsNeostigmine is a parasympathomimetic, and was used in phase 3 of the investigation. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor and by inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine, neostigmine indirectly stimulates nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. It functions by blocking the active site of acetylcholinesterase, therefore preventing the digestion of acetylcholine. The results of the investigation showed the action of neostigmine. When acetylcholine after(prenominal) incubation with blood esterase was added to the organ bath, there was very little or no response because the acetylcholinesterase present in the blood had broken down the acetylcholine. However when the acetylcholine was incubated with blood and neostigmine, a maximal response was produced, showing that neostigmine had prevented the breakdown of acetylcholine.Neostigmine can be used to treat patients with myasthenia gravis gravis this is a condition where the patient suffers from the fatigue of voluntary muscle groups oddly muscles on the face.The edrophonium test can be used to identify myasthenia gravis. An intravenous dose of neostigmine will prevent the digestion of acetylcholine by acetyl cholinesterase and acetylcholine levels will temporarily rise. In myasthenia gravis there are similarly few acetylcholine receptors. So with the acetyl cholinesterase blocked, acetylcholine can bind to the few receptors and offset a muscular contraction. If the condition affects the patients eyes, the weakness or fatigue of the muscles in the face will temporarily be better and the patient will be able to open their eyes normally.AutacoidsAutacoids have diverse physiological and pharmacological activities. They are grouped together in large part because they participate, at least in somewhat settings, in physiological or pathophysiological responses to injury 1. Autacoids are local hormones that act some the site of synthesis they have a short acting duration.Histamine is an pattern of an autacoid, its actions on bronchial smooth muscle and blood vessels account for some of the symptoms of an allergic response. Histamine is generated in mast cells and white blood cells called basophils. Histamine is released from these cells in an immunological response, and can cause inflammation.Histamine has few clinical uses but can be used in diagnostic testing. There are more clinical applications for antihistamines, which are used to treat allergies. Chlorphenamine is an ensample of an antihistamine, and was one of the drugs used in the investigation. Results from the experiment show competitive antagonism when chlorphenamine is added to the organ bath with histamine, as the ED50 constriction increases.AntagonistsThe two antagonists used in the investigation were atropine and chlorphenamine. Atropine is a muscarinic receptor antagonist, as shown by its effects on acetylcholine and carbachol, which were observed during the investigatio n. Atropine can be used therapeutically to inhibit the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system.One example is its ophthalmic use. It can be used as a mydriatic to dilate the pupils this is sometimes do to allow examination of the retina. It is also used to reduce secretion in the upper and lower respiratory tract. This is done for the symptomatic relief of acute rhinitis 1.Chlorphenamine, also used in the investigation can be used as an antihistamine for allergies, as mentioned before. ratiocinationIt has now been concluded that the unknown drug under investigation was Carbachol. A choline ester derivative of acetylcholine. Its pharmacological properties such as being resistant to acetylcholinesterases and other esterases, and being selective for muscarinic receptors, allow it to have clinical applications as a parasympathomimetic, unlike acetylcholine which has limited clinical applications.