Adequacy Of Crime Control In The Uk Criminology Essay

Adequacy Of nuisance Control In The Uk Criminology canvassAnalyse the adequacy(sufficient to satisfied or meet a need) and relevance(relation of some thing) of the aversion incertain(p) and cod carry out manakins for understanding savage jurist, with reference to the jurisdiction you argon in and/or England and Wales. For discussing this question we should first tell what criminal arbitrator dodge is and how it does works. A Criminal Justice system is a strict of legal and fond institutions to ensure the implementation of criminal righteousness with a objurgate course of rules and regulations . The system of criminal jurist is directed at reassureling and mitigating nuisances, voiceless the offender and providing invulnerablety to the society by the succor of the governing. Today its one of the major concerns of the general public.Fruitfully criminal referee is a behavior that changes with the change in different aspects of the society and varies with musculus quadriceps femoris and time(Black, 1976). A lot of agencies namely the Police, the Crown Prosecution service,judges,juries, virtueyers. courts etc. argon working together to reform and improve the Criminal Justice constitution (CJS). The main challenge was that of making the prisons system and the mental physical processes of dealing with prisoners more soften and efficient .Only to criminal umpire process a number of government departments agencies and other departments make contributions which sometimes can be conflicting. Maintaining a take of deterrence in the society that can stop the violation of law by punishing and convicting those who are dishonored and deliver justice to the society is the sole purpose of Criminal Justice System. One of the reasons which has do this system more prone to criticism is collectable to the recent modifications made to it with the amendments made to the areas that are more concerned with the proceedings of these crimes.Every citizen has the right to be safe and is always eager to know that whether the criminal consequence be brought to justice or not.punishing the offender can increase public faith.CJS in addition aims at practicing fairness in the system fair treatment to everyone. A a couple of(prenominal) societies have been able to setup criminal justice institutions that practice equality,fairness and bareness (Prillaman 2000 Solomon and Foglesong 2000 Ungar 2002).The local criminal justice board led on trim back crime and administering justice on local basis. The crime levels have been increasing, which leaves the area even more criticized however there exists a mistrust of justice for those who count that the innocent people are being punished and the guilty people escape. Mostly justice systems that practice secrarcy, brutality and arbitrariness are in a society that is under authoritarian regime (Smykla 1989 McElligott 1994 Shelley 1994 Trevaskes 2004). We will shew how the CJS works and foca lize on the crime control exemplar and due process model. Its theories and models are are identified following.Due process model it can be said that the current system in UK is a element of the Due Process Model. The Model looks very practically like an obstruction route. Each of its succeeding stages is planned to present scare impediments to carrying the criminate any further along in the course. this was created by the American CommentatorHerbert Packer in 1968.the primary social goal of the model is Justice and there is an emphasis on fairness and procedural dueProcess. Basically the model insists on the avoidance and removal of mistakes to the level possible, a process of evidence gathering and dealing with suspects that are needed to entertain the accused.The crime control models primary goal is to control crime and punishment of offenders, focuses on ensuring that the legal philosophy get the convictions in courts. It emphesises on the responsibility of an individual(a) to protect the citizens of the society that abide by the law by apprehending and punishing the criminals (Pecker,1968), David Bunkett was responding to a journalists question concerning the Prime Ministers speech regarding a move towards Crime Control Centered Criminal Justice System, on BBC News. One of the major and most disturbing problems of the Crime Control Model is the spontaneous abortions of justiceThe placidity of models like the The restorative justice mode, bureaucratic model ,A medical model, social integration and exclusion model and status passage model requires no discussion yet.Here the main models of crime control and due process will be discussed that are considered as two different paragon types of criminal justice.Protection of the innocence and elimination of crimes from the street is the main role of crime control.While comparing both models it should be borne in mind that proponents of both models comprehend constitutional values. According to the crime c ontrol model repression of criminal contract should be the vital purpose of the criminal process and that justice should focus on upholding the rights of victims rather than those of the accused. Based on the concept of police investigatory it treats the alleged criminal as guilty. This therefore, shows a negative mannerism of the crime control model.Now coming towards the latter goal, in the due process model the focal point is the assumption that a person cannot be deprived of his liberty or rights unless the relevant legal procedures and safeguards are adhered to. Those who believe in harsh approaches towards criminal activity may be classed in favor of crime control whereas those against the notion of state intrusions and harassment of the accused tend to value the due process model. There seems erratic swings in crime control in some societies (Rose,2000).On the other hand, the due process model rests upon the principle of legal guilt and the presumption of innocence. after(p renominal) scrutinizing both the models it appears that much depends on the political climate of a surface area on what model to adopt. It follows that the crime control model mirrors the conservative ideals epoch the due process thereby reflecting liberal views. During the 1960s the system was manipulated by the policies of the due process. However, when conservatism dominated from the mid 1970s to the early ordinal century the criminal justice system took the shape of the crime control model.The most heavy breakdown that is also considered as the failure of law enforcement is speech criminal deal out under strict control that vanishes an important condition of human freedom. Successful operation of this model must result into a strong rate of apprehension and conviction. Secondly it has to be make in a manner that although the resources are limited still a very large magnitude can be dealt with.According to Paul Roberts by far the most important function that has to be perfo rmed by the criminal process is based on the proposal of forcibly subjugating crime conduct which is the basic of crime control model. A properly criminalized conduct is the dependency of this model. Punishing the guilty and freedom of the innocenct is the aim of both of these models.Here it should also be mentioned as Zander points out that there are so umteen important current developments affecting criminal justice that it is difficult to fall out abreast of them and even more difficult sometimes to be sure whether they are to be welcomed or deplored .A number of miscarriages can be seen in justice that are rapidly increasing. The three great IRA cases are have gathered a lot of interest and highlighted problem of miscarriage of justice. The Guildford four, Derek Bentley, Birmingham sixer , the Maguire seven, Judith ward and Bridgewater four. In all these cases later Royal thrill found them innocent and before that people served long time in prison for wrongly being accused .. The defendants had their convictions quashed by the court of appeal. The structural reforms purposed and true by both the May inquiry into the Guildford four and the Runciman commission, which reported in 1993.In case of Birmingham six, where Defendant was beaten up after draw and forced to confess. Lord Denning held that the police were guilty of perjury that they were guilty of delirium and threats that the justification was involuntary and improperly admitted in evidence and that the convictions were erroneous ,Lord Denning held that the police were guilty of perjury that they were guilty of violence and threats that the confessions were involuntary and improperly admitted in evidence and that the convictions were erroneousin the case of Cardiff three, where d was held for murder of a Cardiff prostitute and later the convictions were quashed on the basis of the fact. The Lord Chief justice held that the techniques of interrogation used by the police amounted to an oppressi on of s.76 of PACE.Case of M62 bombing, where d was convicted of murder and causing an explosion. She did not appeal. Her convictions were quashed. Her personality disorder which rendered her confession unreliable.Tottenham three, d was convicted of murder of a police officer. their appeal was unsuccessful. However Home secretaire referred their case back to CA and their convictions were quashed.And Confait, (which resulted in the royal commission on criminal procedure)the d confessed to a crime that they had actually not commit ,similar problems with confession evidence occurred.the common element which was found in these cases was confession from the suspect and its clearly seen how the police has abuse their powers to arrest the victim bringing them to justice thus taking away the rights of innocent party .one thing we should mention is the Royal commission on criminal justice which was set up by the Home Secretary on the day when Birmingham six was released. It was served by t he Lord Runciman and its report was published in 1993.the reason was to examine the reality of the criminal justice system. The report was for securing the convictions of the guilty, which contained disclose of evidence by prosecution and defense and unsupported confession evidence.

The company aims and objectives

The c every last(predicate)er-up leases and objectives1 Introduction strategicalalalalalal caution is the way a barter allow formulate, apparatus and try its decisions across the de fictional characterments in order to help the club to hand its objectives. It operator utilise the corporation aims and objectives to develop policies and plans, allocate resources in order to utilize the plans and accordingly evaluate whether this has been triple-cr have. strategic Planning ensures that an organization is doing the right things. If a business necessarily to budge the way it runs its business operations thence a strategic plan explains what the physical com locating is changing to. Once it has laid the right things to do, it devolves account big businessman for doing them right to one or more business plans (Guest 1989). Every constitution has a complaint statement panorama come to the fore its aims and objectives and scheme advise be defined as The de sti pulationination of the introductory long-term goals and objective of an enterprise and the adoption of courses of action and the allocation of resources indispens fit for carrying out these goals (Alfred Chandler, 1963). Johnson and Scholes (2002 p13) suggested that a familiarity indispens opennesss a mission and mission statements a visual sense or strategic intent goals objectives unique resources and onus competences, strategies and control. schema was the direction and cooking stove of an physical composition over the long term sublimely which matches its resources to its changing purlieu, and in particular to its foodstuffs, clients or clients, so as to meet s compensateoffholder expectations. To continue in business and be productive all(prenominal) business ingest a dodging and according to McGee et al (2005) outline is the ability of a comp all to thrive and survive. The spread abroad bequeath outline the stages, stairs and procedures that should be impl emented to carryout a strategic outline as part of the strategic c be process. The untested(a) vintage simple machine fellowship is a medical specialist organisation which has a bitty niche in the specialist car mart place and a mission statement, objectives and strategic intent.1.1 Aims and Objectives of the reportThe aim of the report is write a report about a elect firm within the automotive persistence (real or invented) indicating the stages, steps and processes intricate in the proviso and analysis, conceptualization and effectuation and evaluation of the strategic guidance process.1.2 Objectives To transform the importance and characteristics of strategic management to all forms of organisation To wonder a verify of strategic management models and their strengths and weaknesses To consider the relevance for strategic management of organisational culture and ethics To analyse and evaluate a celestial orbit of strategic management models To apply and to tail or models of strategic management as appropriate2 pose One strategic analysis in the primary(prenominal) there argon two main approaches to strategic management the organisational approach dealing with hawkish emolument, resource allocation and economies or scale and the the clement approach. According to Arieu (2007), there is strategic consistency when the actions of an organization argon ordered with the expectations of management, and these in turn ar with the market and the context. strategical management can be bottom-up, top-down, or cooperative processes which kernel that in the bottom up approach employees send in proposals to their managers who choose the best ideas which argon assessed through and through capital budgeting processes much(prenominal) as redress on investment or cost benefit whilst the top-down approach is where the CEO and the planning team up up make the decisions. Johnson (1999 p154) advised that strategic planning was the process of dr awing up long-term, wide ranging plans in accordance with the organisations main aims and forget involve analysing customer expectations, competitive pressures and overall changes in the market. Operational planning on the some early(a) hand was the festering of plans for a specific operation within the organisation whether it was for a product or a service. He added that although organisations lend oneselfd schooling from analysis, quantified objectives which became the organisations targets for a planned period of quantify, could be establish on guesswork. Strategic management is an ongoing process that evaluates and controls the business and the industries in which the play along is gnarled assesses its competitors and raiments goals and strategies to meet all existing and potential competitors and then reassesses each schema annually or quarterly i.e. regularly to determine how it has been implemented and whether it has succeeded or contends replacement by a virgin scheme to meet changed circumstances, refreshful technology, raw competitors, a brand-new economic environment., or a new social, fiscal, or political environment. (Lamb, 1984ix). As the New Vintage elevator car party is a small specialist business it is very much a very collaborative direction of strategic management with the 10 main employees taking part in management decisions.2.1 Strategic management theoriesStrategic management was a concept which was developed in the 1950s and mid-sixties which theorised that gathering all the functions under one strategy and coordinating the diametric departments. Chandler (1962) showed that a long-term coordinated strategy was necessary to give a comp either structure, direction, and focus stating that structure follows strategy. Selznick theorised that an organisations internal functions should be matched to whatever away environmental circumstances through wad analysis which was developed by the Harvard wrinkle School General Management Group. Anscoff developed a strategy grid to comp ar market penetration strategies, product culture strategies, market development strategies, horizontal and vertical integration and diversification strategies and a disturbance analysis. Druckers (1969) management by objectives (MBO) meant that companies set objectives and then monitored if they had been achieved and suggested the spend of team work. lean strategies include marketing strategies such as new product development strategies, human resource strategies, financial strategies, legal strategies, supply-chain strategies, and information technology management strategies dealing with short and medium term plans. However, Mintzberg (1988) thought of strategy as a process or pattern of behaviour which has evolved over time and necessitated fluidity and the realization that there were unpredictable issues which could arise. 2.2 AnalysisPart of the planning process for a company would be to analyse the current market place and the companys position in it. This could be done through versatile analysis techniques such as bloke, rig out, Gap analysis, ostiariuss generic strategy analysis.2.2.1 PEST analysisThe PEST analysis could be used by the organisation to look into market growth or decline whilst investigating the position of the company, its potential for future growth and the direction the business should take. PEST stands for Political, Economic, friendly and Technological factors, and can be used in conjunction with jampack which are the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats analysis. PEST can be extended to PESTLE by adding Environmental and Legal or even adding any Political and demographic issues as STEEPLED (Grundy 2006).2.2.2 SWOT analysis In order to see where the company is in the market place, a SWOT analysis depart guide to be undertaken. SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. Strengths would be the type of business and whether is ha s been wholesome schematic in the area and has a loyal customer base Weaknesses are anything which may hinder the company in achieving its objectives and which may need to be changed such as financial constraints. Opportunities are the things a companies can use to progress Threats are the issues which imprint a company and could potentially endanger the companys futuresuch as thecredit crunch with suppliers closing down, transport costs rising and banks non lending money (Armstrong 1982 p198 Hill Westbrook 1997).2.2.3 Gap analysisThe company will need to judge where there is a gap in the market, every a place for their product or where the company is at the fleck and where they would like to be and so the difference is the gap. After this analyis the company ineluctably to decide how to bridge the gap both through a strategic approach or a tactical/ functional approach. The tactical operational approach would make use of the Marketing Mix Product, Place, Price, Promoti on2.2.4 The cheer chainPorter (1998) to a fault theorized that a company could be successful if it contri just nowed to the industry it was in via a value chain which meant that everything a company does should be questioned in terms of what value it adds in the eyes of the nett customer. In 1993,John Kay stated that adding value is the central purpose of business activity.2.3 competitor analysisA company needs to analyse what its competitors are doing, how strong they are doing it and whether they are a real threat.2.3.1 militant advantage and Porters 5 Forces theoryPorters 5 Forces Model New entrants, effort competitors, Suppliers, buyers and substitutes is a helpful theory can help for an organisation to formulate the appropriate strategies to be successful in their market (Thurlby, 1998). Porters theory takes 5 elements which can crook a business such as New Entrants to the market and Industry competitors are there any new or similar companies setting up in business w hich could be a threat and which customers will choose instead of the original company Suppliers who may be stringy enough to put up prices which the company has to pay or even refusing to do business with the company Buyers how customers can put pressure on the company to lower prices or alter product lines Substitutes customers changing to substitute(a) products from a nonher company if there is a product price affix the use of price cutting and aggressive marketing by other similar rival companies (Porter 1998).2.4 The Competitive-positioning approachCompanies need to be conscious of the ambitions own strategies at all times. A competitive advantage can be attained by organisations if the current strategy is value-creating, and not currently be used or activated by competitors or future competitors (Barney, 1991, p102). Choosing the moderate market level is important as too high will lose customers and too low may see to some competitors. Porter (1995) thought that ther e were three routes to competitive advantage. A firm either (1) focused on a particular customer group (2) specialised in skills competitors cannot match or (3) became the lowest cost producer. Having the competitive advantage means that a company must outperform its competitors by delivering outstanding value to customers and, in doing so, earn an above average financial return for the company and its stakeholders. Doing this successfully over a long period is sustainable competitive advantage which requires that they outperform their competitors for a long period in a way that customers are prepared to purchase at a sufficiently high price. Campbell et al (2007) argued that there were 8 areas which need to be considered for competitive and sustainable competitive advantage to continue for a company. They need to have a strategic intent to stretch the organisation in the future and be willing to work at continuous betterment which includes inputs, processes and outputs of product s and services. They would need to work in a different way to their competitors and importantly they need to be perceived to be better by their customers who need to believe that they are the main reason for the company being in business to serve their customers. The company must build on their center of attention competences by continuous internal review and keep communication transmit open both internally and externally. Its core competency is the restoring of unequivocal cars and all the skills which go with this. The management must be aware that the business environment is constantly changing and they must be prepared to change with it specially during the current recession They need to be aware of their competitors but also chouse when collaboration and co-operation with competitors through strategic alliances is a necessity. 3 set up Two Strategic conceptualisationThe New Vintage Car Company has formulated a strategy through the planning and analysis of companys SWO T and the gap analysis as well as having looked at the competition which is a few other similar small businesses. Strategy formulation is the process of determining appropriate courses of action for achieving organizational objectives and staying a profitable business. Johnson and Scholes (2002 p11) theorised that there were different levels of strategy (1) corporate dealing with the overall purpose and scope of an organisation and how value can be added to the business areas of the company and when a company has decided on its products and the market it should compete in (2) business unit strategy deals with how a company can achieve an advantage over its competitors and what opportunities can be identified or created and competitive strategy which is when the company sets out the framework for success in the market it has chosen with goal setting, commitment of resources and the monitoring or strategies and (3) operational strategy is how the different areas of a company deliver t he corporate strategies with reference to resources, slew and processes. Once the strategy has been formulated, the company needs a mission statement, set the aims and objectives and conduct the internal and external analyis of the niche in the market. The company would then implement the strategy by undertaking certain steps such as entering into a partnership or expanding distribution outlets. The strategy will then need to be reviewed. The strategy formulated by a company should reflect an environmental analysis as well as the organisaitonal vision, mission statement and organisational objectives. The way to formulate strategic plans is to use three steps which find out where the company is now, determine where the company wants to go, and then determines how to get there. This may require to take certain precautionary measures or even to change the entire strategy. Johnson and Scholes (2002) strategic model looks at three criteria suitability and whether it will work feasibi lity and whether it is possible to make it work and acceptability and whether the strategies will be successful.3.1 SuitabilityThe strategies for the company need to be suitable for that company and its current and future position in the market. The question to ask is is it economical to pursue the strategies and would there be any cost advantages for the business due expansion (economies of scale) referring to efficiencies associated with supply-side changes, such as change magnitude or decreasing the scale of production, of a single product type? The company needs to also address the question of economies of scope which means efficiencies primarily associated with demand-side changes, such as increasing or decreasing the scope of marketing or distribution. A company which sells many product lines, sells the equivalent product in many countries, or sells many product lines in many countries will benefit from reduced risk levels as a result of its economies of scope. If one of it s product lines falls out of fashion or one country has an economic slowdown, the company will, most likely, be able to continue trading. Thinking of its customers the company needs to look at the hump economy and what their customers will get and how they will feel they receive not only value for money but are getting something excess and feel part of the company experience. This encourages company loyalty. The New Vintage Car Company has a loyal customer base in the UK and has overseas customers in countries where the current financial downturn has not had such as great impact. The company would make use of decision tree analysis and what if analysis.3.2 FeasibilityFeasibility is concerned with the resources required to implement the strategy and whether they are available now or need to be developed or obtained. The resources which would need to be looked at would be (1) finance and funding and whether the company would have enough capital without taking on a loan or issuing more shares (2) people and whether there would need to be a recruitment drive to employ more skilled craftspeople or even take on apprentices (3) time and whether the length of time it would take would be prohibitive or whether the time scales involved would be unimpeachable and (4) information and whether the company has enough expertise and doledge to expand using the strategies. For this the New Vintage Car Company would need to undertake a cash flow analysis and forecast as well as a break even analysis and a deployment analysis.3.3 acceptableness Acceptability deals with how the main stakeholders of a company will accept any new strategies. The stakeholders in a company are the shareholders, employees and customers. They will need to know the expected performance outcomes and whether there are risks and what the consequences of a failed strategy would be for the company. The shareholders would want to know that there would be returns on their investments either financial or non financial and the employees would expect improved pay or life story prospects and customers would be concerned that they would still get the quality they were used to. An ideal tool for this would be stakeholder mapping.Therefore the formulation of a good practicable strategy for the New Vintage Car Company is essential. Strategic formulation allows the company to plan its capital budgeting especially where there are hold funds and capital funds need to be invested where they can be most effective for all the stakeholders. The next stage is implementation. Implementing any strategies will mean a change of some kind. Strategic Planning ensures that an organisation is doing the right things and then doing them right but the strategic plan explains what the organisation is changing to. The unified plan would be at the head of the strategic planning with departmental strategic plans and functional strategic plans for other part of management. What goes into a strategic plan mu st take into account the needs of the stakeholders, any environmental risks and threats plus the competencies, resources and values that the company has. (http//www.changeperform.com.au/strategic_plan_process.html)4 Stage Three Strategic implementation and evaluationIn order to implement the plans made, there will need to be an allocation of resources including money, people, time and estimator support and establishing a chain of command with specific responsibilities given to individuals or groups. This also includes the right training for employees. Strategic management can oftentimes be planned or unplanned in that there are unpredictable circumstances as well as those which can be planned for. Once the strategy has been implemented, it will need to be evaluated as to its success or failure once again through SWOT analysis for company strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats both internal and external. The changes that could affect an organisation are any Political Ch anges such as a change in government, legislation, taxation, any Economic Changes such as inflation, interest rates, unemployment Social Changes such as population trends Technological Changes such as breakthroughs, new products and technologies, Implementing any strategies will need time and effort but they should not be imposed. The management of change is an important part of strategic implementation. Change cannot be forced on employees or implemented too quickly or there will be industrial problems. The idea of change is remote for many reasons including job insecurity fear of loss of status pay cuts and job losses breaks in routine learning new skills and methods change of work site and work colleagues. As the New Vintage Car Company is a small business it may be able to weather any of the changes which could affect the business. As the business uses a collaborative approach to management, the employees are part of the decision making process and the strategies which would a ffect them would be discussed collectively The Paton-Johnson model (2007 p109) can be used, as it suggests ensuant stages for the management of change through initial conversations about change diagnosing of what needs to be changes, how and why the development of a new vision for the organisation and its employees which is shared and a plan to implement the changes. A effective addition to strategic strategies is Warrs Vitamin Model (1987) which considers the well being of company module and the changes made in the organisation as vitamins to help the health of the company. ample minded employees work well and increase production which benefits the company. Employees need to know they are valued and respected within an organisation and if they do not feel this way they are discontent. 5 ConclusionsThere are many reasons why strategies fail and companies fail with them. Companies need to understand their market and their competition both now and in the future, know their own s trengths and weaknesses and be aware of any opportunities which may come and any threats which are looming. The New Vintage Car Company will need to be confident of their employees competence in handling the new strategy and to introduce the changes gradually and with communication, cooperation and participation. Although strategic management is a complex process it can be handled efficiently although too much constraint may be limiting any future visions for the company. As a collaborative company there are just as many pitfalls as for those with top-down management style too many cooks as well as dictatorships. Strategic management consists of interpreting, and continuously reinterpreting, the possibilities presented by changing circumstances for achieving an organizations objectives. Strategic management processes are essential for an organisations success but they need to be paced and not locomote as this is where mistakes are made. The aim of the report was write a report a bout a chosen firm within the automotive industry (real or invented) indicating the stages, steps and processes involved in the planning and analysis, formulation and implementation and evaluation of the strategic management process. This was achieved through a brief investigating into the strategic levels associated with the New Vintage Car Company. The objectives of the report were o understand the importance and characteristics of strategic management to all forms of organisation and this was achieved through a review of the levels of the strategic management process and the theories and models with strengths and weaknesses.ReferencesAnsoff, I (1965) Corporate Strategy New York McGraw Hill, Argyle, M. (1972, p.201) The Social Psychology of work, Penguin UK Armstrong J S (1982). The Value of ball Planning for Strategic Decisions Strategic Management Journal 3 197-211. Axelrod, R. and Cohen, M. (1999) Harnessing complexness Organizational implications of a scientific frontier Ne w York The Free Press, Chandler A (1962) Strategy and Structure Chapters in the history of industrial enterprise, New York Doubleday, charter Institute Of Personnel And Development. (2005) Managing change the role of the psychological contract. Change agenda. capital of the United Kingdom CIPD. David, F (1989) Strategic Management, Columbus Merrill Publishing Company, Drucker, Peter (1954) The Practice of Management, New York Harper and Row, Grundy , T. (2006) Rethinking and reinventing Michael Porters five forces model. Strategic Change. Vol 15, No 5, August. pp213-229 Henry A. (2008) Understanding Strategic Management Oxford University Press Hughes, M. (2006) Change Management A Critical Perspective. capital of the United Kingdom Chartered Institute Of Personnel And Development. Johnson B (1999) Introducing Management a development guide for new managers Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann Johnson A Paton K (2007) health Promotion and Health Services Management for Change Oxford Oxford University Press pp107-128 Johnson G Scholes K (2002) Exploring Corporate Strategy capital of the United Kingdom Pearson Education Ltd Lamb, R B (1984) Competitive strategic management, Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, McGee et al (2005) Strategy Analysis and Practice UK McGraw Hill Moncrieff, J. Is strategy making a difference? Long Range Planning Review, vol 32, no2, pp273-276. Michaud C Thoenig J C (2003) Making strategy and organization compatible. Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan. mink coat/Esterhuysen/Mink/Owen, (1993) Change at Work Action Science Approach cited in Schumacher W D, (1997) Managing Barriers to commercial enterprise Reengineering advantage (Business Process Management Group) (www.bpmg.org) Pettigrew A. and Whipp R. 1993 p.5 Managing for Competitive Success Oxford Blackwell Porter, M. (1980a) How Competition Forces Shape Strategy, Harvard Business Review, September-October, pp.137-145. Porter, M. (1980b) Competitive Strategy, New York Free Press. Porter, M. (1998) Competitive Strategy Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors, New York Free Press. Turner S. (2002) Tools for success a managers guide. London McGraw Hill. Warr P (1987) Work, Unemployment and Mental Health Oxford Oxford Unviersity Press http//www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/ corpstrtgy/changemmt/chngmgmt.htm accessed 10 May 09 Harvard Business School (2002) Toward Continuous Change Staying Competitive Through Change Harvard Business School Press (http//harvardbusinessonline.hbsp.harvard.edu/b01/en/common/item_detail.jhtml?referral=3035id=7188BC) accessed 12 May 09 extension AThe New Vintage Car Company is a small specialist car making company which restores old classic cars but it looking to branch out into making new build cars based on the classic models of previous decades through a partnership with another(prenominal) small car company which produces self build car make kits for classic cars such as the MG. The company employs a skilled team of class ic car body builders, wheelers, panel beaters, wing makers, and fender manufacturers who are skilled in working aluminium, steel, stainless steel, copper, brass and magnesium alloy as well as restoring ash frames from old cars or fabricating new wooden frames. The company has experience as vintage car coachbuilders has helped with classic car projects, from manufacturers including Alvis Amilcar Auto Union AC Alfa Romeo Aston Martin Allard Austro Daimler Bentley Bugatti Bristol BMW Cadillac Cisitalia Cooper Daimler Delahaye Delage Invicta Jaguar white lotus Lancia Lagonda Lamborghini Maserati Mercedes Morgan Porcshe Riley Rolls-Royce Railton Sunbeam Tojeiro Vauxhall Veritas. The company has successfully completed a wide range of car commissions, from simple body repairs on existing bodywork to complete restorations and new bodies, sometimes from the most basic of plans. Commissions are from the whole of world drive history, from fantastic exotica such as the 1938 Alfa Romeo Bimotor e and two 1930s Grand Prix Auto-Unions, to a Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR Gull-Wing Magnesium Coup. (adapted from http//www.rodjolley.com/flash/flashed.html)

The Effects of Agonists

The Effects of AgonistsIntroductionThe investigation knotty examines to determine the pharmacological properties of a range of reference medicates, and angiotensin-converting enzyme unfathomable drug. This information sack up be apply to help our understanding of how drugs turning upon different receptor sites, and how they interact with another(prenominal) drugs. The effects of agonists were investigated, along with how they ar affected by antagonists. From investigating the reproducibility, mimicry and effects of antagonism on the reference drugs and the unknow drug, A3, it was concluded that the unknown drug was Carbachol.Cholinergic DrugsCarbachol was one of three cholinergic drugs under investigation. The other two being acetyl groupcholine and methacholine. Acetylcholine is the endogenic neurotransmitter at cholinergic synapses and neuroeffector junctions in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Its actions atomic number 18 mediated through nicotinic and muscar inic cholinergic receptors 1. These muscarinic receptors atomic number 18 blocked by atropine, an anticholinergic drug drug. Atropine prevents the effects of acetylcholine by blocking its binding to muscarinic cholinergic receptors 1. This could be seen in the results from the investigation as atropine cause an increase in the ED50 value of acetylcholine.There be certain pharmacological properties that ar required from a parasympathomimetic drug that make it suitable for therapeutic cut throughment. It should give a high simile for cholinergic receptors, enabling a response to be brought about by the tissue. The drug should also be resistant to cholinesterase in that respectfore it allow not be easily broken drink down inside the body. This prolongs the activity of the drug, marrow fewer doses of the drug have to be administered to or by the patient. This will therefore result in increased patient compliance as it is more convenient for them to have to take fewer doses.cl inical, therapeutic uses of acetylcholine are restricted due to its lack of selectivity for cholinergic receptors, and its rapid degradation by cholinesterases. This degradation, or break down of acetylcholine was observed in the results of the investigation, where it could be seen that acetylcholine had been digested by acetylcholinesterase present in horse blood, which acetylcholine had been incubated with. Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine to choline and an acetate convention. This breakdown of acetylcholine prevented a response in the guinea pig ileum.Although the therapeutic uses of acetylcholine are restricted, there are clinical applications in blocking acetylcholine through the use of antagonists, and mimicking acetylcholine, by using agonists that act upon the same receptors. Such agonists include methacholine, a unreal choline ester, which is also a muscarinic receptor agonist. It differs from acetylcholine as it has an extra methyl group on the beta carbon of acetylcholine. This results in it being more selective at muscarinic receptors and less selective at nicotinic receptors. It is also less susceptible to acetylcholinesterase than acetylcholine so it has a greater duration of action in the body.Muscarinic agonists belt along bronchial smooth muscleman in the lungs causing bronchoconstriction. Methacholine bed therefore be administered for the diagnosis of bronchial hyperreactivity and reedy conditions, in what is known as a bronchial challenge test. This involves the breathing in of nebulised methacholine which will cause the patients airways to narrow. Those who are suffering from bronchial hyperreactivity or an asthmatic condition will react to lower doses of methacholine, allowing the diagnosis of the condition.Carbachol is also a choline ester derivative of Acetylcholine. It differs in that it substitutes a carbamoyl group for the terminal methyl group of acetylcholine. This substitution makes carbachol resistant to digest ion by cholinesterases, as seen in the results from flesh 3. subsequently incubation with horse blood as a source of esterase, carbachol quieten produced a similar response in the guinea pig ileum, display that it had not been broken down by the esterase.Carbachol Structure Acetylcholine StructureClinical applications of carbachol include the treatment of glaucoma. Glaucoma is a condition affecting the eyes and it is ca utilise by the build up of aqueous humour in the anterior sleeping room of the eye, due to the obstruction of outflow. Parasympathomimetics such as carbachol reduce pressure in the eye by contraction of the circular muscle of the iris, causing light reflex of the pupil and increasing outflow of the aqueous humour. Carbachol can be administered as eye drops to treat this condition.Carbachol can also be used to treat non obstructive urinary retention, as in postoperative urinary retention. Carbachol contracts the detrusor muscle of the bladder, decreases the bladd er capacity, and increases uretal peristalsis.Indirect agonistsNeostigmine is a parasympathomimetic, and was used in phase 3 of the investigation. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor and by inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine, neostigmine indirectly stimulates nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. It functions by blocking the active site of acetylcholinesterase, therefore preventing the digestion of acetylcholine. The results of the investigation showed the action of neostigmine. When acetylcholine after(prenominal) incubation with blood esterase was added to the organ bath, there was very little or no response because the acetylcholinesterase present in the blood had broken down the acetylcholine. However when the acetylcholine was incubated with blood and neostigmine, a maximal response was produced, showing that neostigmine had prevented the breakdown of acetylcholine.Neostigmine can be used to treat patients with myasthenia gravis gravis this is a condition where the patient suffers from the fatigue of voluntary muscle groups oddly muscles on the face.The edrophonium test can be used to identify myasthenia gravis. An intravenous dose of neostigmine will prevent the digestion of acetylcholine by acetyl cholinesterase and acetylcholine levels will temporarily rise. In myasthenia gravis there are similarly few acetylcholine receptors. So with the acetyl cholinesterase blocked, acetylcholine can bind to the few receptors and offset a muscular contraction. If the condition affects the patients eyes, the weakness or fatigue of the muscles in the face will temporarily be better and the patient will be able to open their eyes normally.AutacoidsAutacoids have diverse physiological and pharmacological activities. They are grouped together in large part because they participate, at least in somewhat settings, in physiological or pathophysiological responses to injury 1. Autacoids are local hormones that act some the site of synthesis they have a short acting duration.Histamine is an pattern of an autacoid, its actions on bronchial smooth muscle and blood vessels account for some of the symptoms of an allergic response. Histamine is generated in mast cells and white blood cells called basophils. Histamine is released from these cells in an immunological response, and can cause inflammation.Histamine has few clinical uses but can be used in diagnostic testing. There are more clinical applications for antihistamines, which are used to treat allergies. Chlorphenamine is an ensample of an antihistamine, and was one of the drugs used in the investigation. Results from the experiment show competitive antagonism when chlorphenamine is added to the organ bath with histamine, as the ED50 constriction increases.AntagonistsThe two antagonists used in the investigation were atropine and chlorphenamine. Atropine is a muscarinic receptor antagonist, as shown by its effects on acetylcholine and carbachol, which were observed during the investigatio n. Atropine can be used therapeutically to inhibit the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system.One example is its ophthalmic use. It can be used as a mydriatic to dilate the pupils this is sometimes do to allow examination of the retina. It is also used to reduce secretion in the upper and lower respiratory tract. This is done for the symptomatic relief of acute rhinitis 1.Chlorphenamine, also used in the investigation can be used as an antihistamine for allergies, as mentioned before. ratiocinationIt has now been concluded that the unknown drug under investigation was Carbachol. A choline ester derivative of acetylcholine. Its pharmacological properties such as being resistant to acetylcholinesterases and other esterases, and being selective for muscarinic receptors, allow it to have clinical applications as a parasympathomimetic, unlike acetylcholine which has limited clinical applications.

Detection of Vanadium Using Immobilizing 4-(2-pyridylazo)

espial of Vanadium Using Immobilizing 4-(2-pyridylazo)Naked eye contracting of quintuplet utilize immobilizing 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol on functionalized HMSMohamad taghi Samadi1, Abas Afkhami2, Kadijeh Shamsi 1, *and Abdolmotaleb Said mohamadi1abstractIn this work, gimcrack optic detector for the naked eye maculation of five by immobilizing 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol on the functionalized hexagonal mesoporous silicon dioxide via N-trimethoxysilylpropyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride in sedimentary mediae has been used. The effects of several(prenominal) factors much(prenominal) as pH, response sequence, centre of the material, and the presence of different immersion HMS-TMAC-PAR has been canvass so as to optimize operating conditions. The signal detecting was result the color change of PAR complexation with volt as of o divagate-yellow to purplish in alkaline solutions. Furthermore, the good performance of the hexagonal detectors was dependent on main fa ctors such as, the reaction m, and the pH regard as that showed possible naked-eye detection of quintet constriction of special interest was that our mesostructured sensor design provision control over the retention of the potential functionality of the naked-eye perceive system of cinque ions upon the storage and even later several regeneration and reuse cycles, indicating wide-scale reversibility of spying methods. The detection and quantification limits for the method when determining atomic number 23 were 40 ppb400 ppb, respectively, with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. Good chemical stability of the substantial was seeing for a period of several months.IntroductionVanadium is ordinarily distri unlessed in the publics crust but in little profusion. Vanadium at trace amounts represents a vital element for normal cell growth, but coffin nail be toxic when present at much concentration(1). the burn of fossil fuel be described as one of the all important(predicate) s ources of environmental pollution by five since coal and oil are in among the richest sources of the alloy . Usual deposits of vanadium in coal and primary oil vary amid 1 and 1.5103 mg/kg and it has been estimated that different 65103tons are released into the environment e actually year by natural discharges such as volcanoes and 2105 tons by anthropological resource(2). The concentration of vanadium in piddle system is largely dependent on geographical position and ranges from 0.0002 to more than 0.1 mg/litre in freshwater(3). the selective and raw detection of low concentrations of vanadium is very important (4). Though several methods are available for detection (AAS/AES1 ICPMS2 , ICPEAS3 (1, 5) but these methods are expensive, need ripe apparatuss and require extreme control of experimental procedures or unavailable for the on-the-spot(prenominal) detection. The field of opthalmic chemical sensors has been a growing research turn out sweep over the last three decade s. Chemical sensors are miniaturized devices that can allow real time and on-line information on the presence of particular proposition compounds in even complex precedents(6) In the last years,have seen the appearance of mesoporous silicate- ground sensing uses. Sensor system Mesoporous silicas, with large BET surface area, narrowly distributed boil down size, heights porosity(7), have shown unlimited potential for sensing applications in sore years. Morphological control gifts them versatility in the mode of arrangement whether as monoliths, book powders, thin films, or implanted in coatings. Great surface areas and think sizes greater has made them effective as adsorbent. This elude the leaching that can occur from physical encapsulation and meso thinks can allow accessibility of analytes to many of energetic locates systems, UV-visible spectrophotometry has been often used for quantitative determination of analytes(8).According to the recently research, The hexagonal mes oporous silica (HMS) is a material with high specific surface area and large pore diameter. HMS mesoporous silica has been first presented by Pinnavaia and co-workers(9) . present 0f high surface area and homogeneous pore size that make HMS commensurate for catalyst supports(10) Moreover, Modifying the silica wall surface with organic groups to make their lineament and achieve specific goal(11).A inexpensive visual sensor for the optical detection of very low concentrations of many heavy metal based on functionalization with 4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcinol (PAR)(12). Its color changes from yellow to red while complexed with metal ions such as Cu2+. Various applications for PAR and its similarities have been put into practice. Therefore a different heavy metal ions responsive optical sensor (HMS-TMAC-PAR) has been lively by grafted surface functionalization of the original HMS with (TMAC4) and then via immobilization of PAR investigate. HMS-TMAC-PAR has or so important advantages as a solid-state colorimetric sensor(13) .In the present paper, a simple, selective and sensitive method is proposed for the vanadium determination at very low concentrations.2. Experimental2.1.Reagents and materialsTetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) 98% (M = 208.33, d = 0.934 g/mL) were purchased from SigmaAldrich (Germany). dodecylamine (DDA) 98% (M = 185.36) was purchased from Merck, Germany. TMAC (50% wood spirit solution) was purchased from ABCR, Germany. PAR was purchased from SigmaAldrich (Germany) .Ethanol and toluene was purchased from Merck .All materials were of analytical reagent (AR) grade and used without further purification.2.2. frame-up and instrumentsThe XRD experiments were performed by a APD2000 diffractometer exploitation Cu K_ radiation over the range of 1.54A-.FTIR spectra of the warnings were recorded in mid IR (400-4000 cm1) region on a PERKIN EL MER65 spectrometer, utilise KBr pellet technique. UVvis spectra were measured on a HACH DR - viosterol0 spectroph otometer. In order to measure the pH value a HACH SENSION1 digital pH meter was used .2.3. implication of hexagonal mesoporous silicaSynthesis of hexagonal mesoporous silica was achieved by dissolve DDA (200 mg) in a manifold solvent of water (0.28 L) and ethanol (0.19 L), after that the addition of TEOS (0.0112 L). The pH value of the solution was adjusted to 911 with HCl. The finishing gel was stir continually at room temperature for 18 h, and The product was filtered, washed by abundant distilled water, channelise-dried in an oven at 100-C.and then was double-dyed(a) by calcinations at 640-C for 4 h in air to remove the organic template.2.4. Fabrication of HMS-TMAC-PARAnhydrous toluene containing TMAC and HMS was refluxed for 18 h under an N2 atmosphere. The reaction mixture was washed thoroughly with ethanol and water to remove unreacted TMAC and then material was dried in an oven at 65 -C for 12 h to obtain HMS-TMAC. The immobilization of PAR on HMS-TMAC was performed by t he addition of 0.6 g HMS-TMAC solid to PAR solution (93 106 M, 180 mL) in stirring for 3 h. it was washed with water to remove unreacted PAR. The material was dried in a vacuum oven at 65 C overnight and then ground to fine powder. The celluloid routes of HMS-TMAC-PAR were illustrated in Scheme 1.Scheme 1. HMS-TMAC-PAR2.5.Detection procedureBatch and column processes were assiduous to study the detection of vanadium from aqueous solutions with HMS-TMAC- PAR. Concentration of stock solutions of vanadium (V) (1000.00 g ml-1.) Prepared by dissolving 2.2965g ammonium metavanadate (99.99% Merck) in 1000ml of 5% hydrochloric acid solution. The recess solutions of HMS-TMACPAR (0.5 g L1) were prepared in aqueous solution at different pH values, which were adjusted with 0.2 M NaOH or 0.2 M HCl. Every time a 2 mL suspension solution of HMS-TMAC-PAR was filled in a 1 cm quartz cell and various stock solutions of cations were added into the quartz cell gradually by using a micro-syringe. St andard and blank solutions were prepared, in all the experiments in the same way as those samples. The linear working range for measurements was (y = 0.005x + 0.015, R2 = 0.990).The vanadium was estimated qualitatively using naked-eye colorimetric assessment and it was detected quantitatively using UVvis reflectance spectrometry at 510 nm.3.Results and discussion3.1.Characteristics of HMS-TMAC-PARThe XRD patterns of samples are displayed in Fig. 1. The XRD measurements were employed in order to study the mesoporous structure of the supports. the patterns have a single low-angle diffraction peak at about 2 =1.9- for HMS and HMS-TMAC- PAR.but, the intensities of the peak of sample HMS-TMAC- PAR decrease, suggestive of that the mesoporous structure of sample HMS-TMAC- PAR. happen to fewer uniform ahead the foreword of the organic molecules interested in HMS(13).Figure 1. XRD patterns of HMS and HMS-TMAC- PAR.FT-IR spectra of HMS-TMAC-PAR is shown in Fig. 2. The HMS-TMAC-PAR sample sho w the characteristic Si- O- Si bands associated by the shape of a condensed silica network that be present at 1091, 965, 799 and 459 cm1. The findings revealed that the mesoporous silica (HMS) has been grafted via TMAC organic molecules(13).Fig. 1. FT-IR spectra of (a) HMS, and (b) HMS-TMAC-PAR.3.2.Calibration graphThe effects of various factors such as pH, reaction time, amount of material needed, and the presence of various concentration of vanadium were canvas to optimize the conditions for quick visual detection of vanadium.Fig..3represents the absorbance of HMS-TMAC-PAR at 510 nm against vanadium concentrations and shows a linear correlation in the range from 40 to 500 ppb with a correlation coefficient of 0.99 . The nonlinear nature of the curve at high concentrations is due to saturation effects.Fig.3.Calibration curves of the absorbance of HMS-TMAC-PAR with different concentrationsof vanadium at pH 12.0 at 510 nm.The detection limit of HMS-TMAC- PAR for vanadium was also t ested. Fig. 3 represents the absorbance of HMS-TMAC-PAR at 510 nm against vanadium concentrations and a good linearity relationship was gained in the range of 40 to 500 ppb with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. The spectrometer detection limit (DL) of vanadium using HMS-TMAC-PAR was estimated from the linear part of the calibration plot, jibe to the Eq. (1)DL = (1)where k is a factor equal to 3, m is the shift of the calibration graph in the lin-ear range, and Sb is the standard deviation for the blank. Here, The true statement and precision of the method were tested by five successive measurements using a standard solution of 200ppb of vanadium. The resultant DL value is 0.88ppb.3.3. order of the pHIn order to determine the pH effect on the detection capacity of HMS-TMAC- PAR in batch experiments, solutions were prepared at different pH levels ranging from 2, 7 and 10.The pH-dependence studies showed that the complexation of vanadium with HMS-TMAC- PAR is formed in a wide ra nge of pH, from 2 to 10(Fig. 4), which is similar to the results reported by Gang Li et al(13) . Also displays that upon the addition of vanadium, the virtual maximum assiduity at pH 10.0, which has been selected as the specific pH for detecting vanadium in aqueous solution using HMS -TMAC- PAR. Hence, the maximum color and spectrum ontogeny of VHTPn+ complexes were at a pH value of 10.Fig. 4. Effect of pH on absorbance at 510 nm in UVvis spectra of HMS-TMAC-PAR (0.5 g L1 ) with vanadium 200ppb.3.4. Effect of the reaction timeStudies on the reaction time indicated that the kinetic time response of the VHTP complex formation was studied by constantly monitor lizarding the absorption spectra .as shown in Fig. 5. After addition of 200ppb of vanadium, the absorbance growths speedyly within 90 s and in that case respite constant with time, so shows that the reaction has completed. . Therefore HMSTMAC- PAR had been can suplid rapid colorimetric detection.Fig. 5. Response time of HMS- TMAC-PAR (0.5 g L1, pH 12.0) with vanadium 200ppbthe later addition of vanadium ions, the color change of the sensors as a function of time. The findings revealed that charge transfer among the vanadium and PR probe has been carry out in a short time (30 s Response time 180s) caused by the aptitude of the nanostructured sensors with open, great, and identical pore architectures to let the able concealment of vanadium ions with graft PR-probe. actually the high metal change, that is ion transport, and the similarity of the metalligand binding were evidentiaryly affected by the structural morphology and geometry, as obviously evidence from the Response time value(14).3.5. Effect of sensor amountStudies on the sensor amount (Fig. 6) indicated that In actual fact, porosity, high surface area of the HMS hexagonal materials are beneficial to permit high adsorption capability of the chromophore investigation in quick kinetic systems. The amount adsorbed of the probe have a important ro ul in making a significant ion-sensing system. but , results show that the nature of the ion-sensing system is also reliant on the amount of solid support-probe used. On the other hand, the PR probe concentration significantly led to better sensitivity of the chemo sensors. The results show that 0.5 gr of sensors was enough to monitor a respectable color separation between the blank and the sample even at low vanadium ion concentration.Fig. 6. Effect of HMS-TMAC-PAR sensor amounts with vanadium (200 ppb) at pH 10.0, 510 nm3.6. Effect concentration of vanadiumIn order to evaluate the effect of initial vanadium concentration, The naked-eye detection is achieved at a concentration range of 40400 ppb using HMS-TMAC-PAR Fig.7. A considerable color change for HMS-TMAC-PAR is observed from yellow to purple with an increase in vanadium concentrationFig. 7. Color reaction of HMS-TMAC-PAR (0.5 g L1, pH 10.0) with various concentrations of vanadiumconclusionsA highly sensitive optical sensor f or the visual detection of low concentrations of vanadium is designed by the immobilization of PAR on the functionalized HMS. The high sensitivity of the optical sensor could be caused by its high surface area and the uniform pore sizes and pore shapes of the mesoporous silica. Controlled experimental conditions also allowed naked-eye detection of vanadium ion concentration with detection limit as low as 0.88ppb In alkaline solutions .generally, HMS-TMAC-PAR fork over strange sensitivity, reusability and fast colorimetric detection of heavy metal ions, oddly vanadium for track of heavy metal pollutants in the environmental samples. The findings revealed that it could be successfully used as a colorimetric optical sensor for the quantitative and qualitative detection of very low concentrations of vanadium in various samples.REFERENCESPyrzyska K, Wierzbicki T. Determination of vanadium species in environmental samples. Talanta. 200464(4)823-9.Adachi A, Sawada S, Shida K, Nakamura E, Okano T. Determination of vanadium in foods by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Science and Technology of ripe(p) Materials. 19995(1)15-21.Full TOC. 6.12 Vanadium. Changes.52380.Hiraki K, Nakaguchi Y, Morita M, Kitamaki H. Determination of trace vanadium by addition of twain sodium selenite and calcium chloride with polarized Zeeman effect graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. analytical sciences. 19862561-6.Filik H, Berker KI, Balkis N, Apak R. Simultaneous preconcentration of vanadium (V/IV) species with palmitoyl quinolin-8-ol bonded to amberlite XAD 2 and their separate spectrophotometric determination with 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol using CDTA as masking agent. Analytica chimica acta. 2004518(1)173-9.McDonagh C, Burke CS, MacCraith BD. Optical chemical sensors. Chemical reviews. 2008108(2)400.Morante-Zarcero S, Snchez A, Fajardo M, del Hierro I, sierra I. Voltammetric analysis of Pb (II) in natural waters using a carbon paste electrode modified with 5-mercapt o-1-methyltetrazol grafted on hexagonal mesoporous silica. Microchimica Acta.169(1-2)57-64.Melde BJ, Johnson BJ, Charles PT. Mesoporous silicate materials in sensing. Sensors. 20088(8)5202-28.P.T. Tanev, M. Chibwe, T.J. Pinnavaia, Titanium-containing mesoporous molecular(a) sieves for catalytic oxidation of aromatic compounds, Nature 368 (1994)321323.Martn N, Lpez-Gaona A, Viniegra M, Villamil P, Crdoba G. Synthesis and icon of a mesoporous HMS and its use as support of platinum catalysts. Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis.101(2)491-500.Aguado J, Arsuaga JM, Arencibia A, Lindo M, Gascn V. sedimentary heavy metals removal by adsorption on amine-functionalized mesoporous silica. Journal of idle Materials. 2009163(1)213-21.Balaji T, Sasidharan M, Matsunaga H. Naked eye detection of cadmium using inorganic-organic hybrid mesoporous material. uninflected and bioanalytical chemistry. 2006384(2)488-94.Liu T, Li G, Zhang N, Chen Y. An inorganic-organic hybrid optical sensor for heavy metal ion detection based on immobilizing 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol on functionalized HMS. Journal of groundless Materials.201-202(0)155-61.Zhang N, Li G, Cheng Z, Zuo X. Rhodamine B immobilized on hollow Au-HMS material for naked-eye detection of Hg 2+ in aqueous media. Journal of hazardous materials. 2012229 230(2012)404-10.1 -nuclear emission spectrum analysis2 Iinductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry3-Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy4 N-trimethoxysilylpropyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride

Body Image Research Paper

automobile trunk epitome Research PaperChris Br give births consistency Image has been a struggle women prepargon been faced with for decades. Recently the fad has changed. Women pee been drilled with media and the states of mind that all size of it zero women be bonnie. With the unbroken reminder of the approximate fad by stickers, actresses and new(prenominal) women famous in media women be reinforced of the worlds narrow view of beauty. This desire to be repress has control umpteen women to do drastic subtilegs to their corpse. thither are many shocking statistics showing the amount of women in the world halt do mostthing negative to their bodies because they were non happy with them. Body Image has played a huge role in womens lives and has changed by means of erupt clipping, causing women to have crushed self-importance-assertion, which in nigh campaigns pay backs into feeding and health disobliges.Through off time societys definition of bea uty has changed drastically. In the separate(a) 1900s women were praised for having voluptuous bodies blanket(a) hips and large breasts were considered sexy. In 2008 that changed radically adult women were weighing between 90 and 110 pounds a very unhealthy cant for a liberal cleaning lady. What the worldviews as a beautiful muliebrity is absolutely no personify figure, basically the skin and b mavens style. This thin obsession began as early as the 1800s. In 1840 Doctor Sylvester Graham announced that a nourishment was the keys of health(Wolch all oer 2012). Once women started realizing that others were showtime to lose w octad because of this fad any wiz else wanted to get in on it. Within the social classs of 1890 and 1920 womens median(a) body weight went from a voluptuous weight to where fat is enunciate gross by the Statesn society. Women have been faced with this issue only in new- do years and the struggle to be at relaxation with their own body has sustain worse and worse. In previous ages women did non obsess astir(predicate) every calorie they sap and how much time they fell at the lycee. The only mind placed they had was to make their family and husbands happy. It all started when dressmakers and seamstresses starting making the fair(a) dress size a lot smaller. Women who did non fit into these smaller sizes started to find themselves at less worth and began obsessing everywhere their weight and waistline (Wolchover, 2012).Another work out in the change of womens body figure had to do with the industrial revolution. When dress sizes started becoming standard sizes women became much aware of their size. Starting during the time of the revolution dresses started coming in specialised sizes Small, Medium and Large opposed to dresses coming in number sizes harmonise to the height and width of a charrs body. Also America was urbanizing a rhythm that time. That meant inferior women had more access to different varieties of food. Slowly this caused the clean American to become overweight. In the early 1920s the calorie was discovered. Along with that came the act of reckoning them as well as fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals. Soon after this discovery American started doing anything they could to start lose weight and burn calories. Soon after America discovered the act of dieting the weight scale was invented to put the final examination touches on Americans realizing their body mass. Due to this, in the late 1920s, dieting and ascertain calories became a daily routine in the lives of Americans (Wolchover, 2012).Another bring factor to the change in beauty was the famous Twiggy. In her times the requirements in becoming a beat were not as ridiculous and debasing as they are without delay. Twiggy was the ideal British model. She was thin, with gorgeous round eyes, long eyelashes, and nigh importantly her thin body figure. Twiggy is very much the goddamned of the favoring in extremely thi n model and appearances. Due to her naturally tiny frame and her great success as a model models in following propagations often admire her. Her body figure set the standards for models to be in order to be successful. redden women who are not models are thriving to have a body handle Twiggy. She was in spades an icon and narrowed the worlds view of beauty (Examiner.com).Body Image and self-pride issues are most common among jejune girls but it has occurred in all ages. The reason teenage girls are the biggest target for these issues is because they are the angiotensin converting enzymes who get most caught up in modern media. Among many teenagers the desire to be model thin has driven them to go to extreme measures to obtain that emblem. Studies have shown that recent T.V. shows have focused on body figure and have been ever-changing the self-esteem of girls as young as 5 (Hueback, 2006). Girls of this new generation are bombarded with builds in media of celebrities and mo dels that have this ridiculously thin figure, they feel they involve to be the same to be beautiful and have the Hollywood Shape. Teens at one time feel like they have to live up to the American standards of what they should look like. Young girls look to these anorexic models and celebrities as role models because they appear to be happy with themselves and girls feel like they need to have the paper-thin look to be happy as well. Mothers also play a huge dissever in girls body attribute hundred percent of girls look to their momma as their role model and too often moms obsess over their weight so their daughters follow in their footsteps. Girls who grow up with brothers and dads who have a preference for thinner women are also victims of this issue. There is an evoke percentage of young girls who wear body hugging, midriff baring enclothe that are envied by the girls who cant ant those girls are the ones who view themselves as ugly. The ones who wear the tight clothes are t he ones who are viewed by the aslant society as beautiful. A research in 2010 showed that 59% of girls are unhappy with their bodies. The average size that is desired by the 59% of Americans is 13-19% under healthy weight (Wolf, 2012). Media exposure has made the average young woman put appearance and physical appearance at the center of their mindset. It has made young women have a limited constrain on femininity. In the American mind thinness is now not only about physical appearance but success, self-control and higher socioeconomic status. Women advance success through having the body they want because it requires work in the gym and consume right to acquire it. It symbolizes self-control because certain foods that are not healthy and being lazy and skipping the day at the gym is invite but it shows that they can make it through those temptations to obtain the body the desire. Even young girls are obsessing over every calorie intake they rust and this issue is starting in girls as young as nine. That is one motivation for a good body weight. Low self-esteem among teenage girls has led to early sexual activity, substance abuse, and alimentation disorders and in some extreme cases suicide. 64% of all teens in America are unhappy with their physical appearance and weight. The average height and weight for an American woman is 54 and 140 pounds and the height and weight for an average model is 511 and 117 pounds. conceit is how much a person likes them selves and how they recognize and hold dear their individual character, qualities, skills, and accomplishments. similar body look, self-esteem is also base on how other raft look at someone as a person. Good self-esteem helps keep a positive outlook on life and appreciate the person they are.Women who are thin are often associated with strong, beautiful, independent, hard-working women and on the other hand women who are not are often associated with lazy, sloppy, weak women. to a greater extent an d so(prenominal) usual thats not the case. some(prenominal) women are too crabbed to go to they gym everyday. Single moms for moral are busy fetching care of their kids and keeping them on track to stick about their own weight. In other cases women are content with their own body and dont worry or care about what other mint think and that is a perfect example of a strong woman. Often body image is how others think of them as a person not only physically.When girls develop low self-esteem because of their weight and physical appearance, often these occurrences black market to ingest and health disorders. This issue can also manoeuver to other capers now common amongst teens, such as pressure into having early sexual activity. 1 out of every college student will develop an consume disorder before they graduate (Wolf, 2012). In this desperate attempt to be jagged women often drive themselves to depression and helplessness. The thought of dieting and exercising scrupulousl y has become a daily part of a womans life. A woman discontent with her body is the lead cause of women developing eating disorders. The important factor of eating disorders sparks from low self-esteem. Which also leads to substance abuse among teens. The factors that lead to teen substance abuse are teens thinking they are not cool enough because they are not as skinny as the popular girls so they think if they drink and abuse drugs they will be able to fit in with the others. Studies have shown that most of the girls that are diagnosed with eating or health disorders and low self-esteem are the ones who are assailable to media and the images of models and celebrities than opposed to ones who are not. This occurs within teens before college level (Wolchover, 2012). Americans on average spend more then 40 billion dollars a year on dieting and exercise products. In an average lifetime 50,000 people will die because of eating or health disorders based on body images (Wolf, 2012).Man y young girls are judged and horizontal bullied about their weight if they dont love up to certain standards. This judgment has lead to serious eating disorders among teens in America now. In some extreme cases it once of the main causes of suicide in American teens. as well as often girls are obsessing over the fact to be at peace with their body and young girls even starting at the age of nine are issue unhinged over losing weight. Girls need to know that no matter what shape or size or color of their skin it does not matter because every single one of them is beautiful. In the bible Ecclesiastes 311 beau ideal says He has created everything beautiful in its representation. No ones word can go against the word of God. Everyone who feels insecure needs to read that verse and pull ahead no matter what anyone says it should not have any affect on them because perfection has made nothing that isnt beautiful and that is literally all that matters. Anyone who is putting up with bullies, anything they say should go in one ear and out the other.In recent years it is more common among humans to give lit crit in a negative way towards other people. It has become a normal part of American life. Even among friends put-downs are normal parley but sometimes it goes too far and the person on the other end takes it heart. Some become more offended then intended. For example when a group of girls are friends and one of the girls are bigger then the others in the group that one was insecure. Her insecurity would lead to self-harm in some cases that would cause them to go to extremes to feel like they fit in with their friends. This case has occurred more then it used to (JournalOfHealthPsychology).Another insecurity that body image creates is depression. When girls are unhappy with what they translate in the mirror it causes them to beat themselves up. Depressive symtomatology is one of the major affects caused by eating disorders. Girls torture themselves mentall y by hating what they examine in the mirror and hating themselves for what they see. Even a girl who is a size two will think she looks like a size eight and then wants to lose weight. People who work for big modeling agencies and whole caboodle of that nature have stated Being a size two is the new size eight (Wolf, 2012). Food restriction has been associated with vulnerability (JournalOfHealthPsychology).Too often girls are often too harsh on themselves. They spend so much time judging themselves then actually going out and trying to change that. So many teenage girls are embarrassed or insecure about their bodies. Too often then not they are the ones beating them selves up for being a size 8 rather then being a size 2. Some of the time teenage girls are their own worst enemy. They put thoughts in their heads that they are not worth anything because their not model thin.Another contributing factor to the body image crisis among American women is caused by the fashion applicati on (Anthony 2012). Each year during Fashion Week designers exhibit their designs through out a series of fashion shows. Each year the upcoming trends are displayed on skinner models then the years before. The usual waistline for the average American woman used to be a healthy 14 now it shrunk dramatically to a size four. The ideal body image is presented to girls at a very young age. It can tart by what they choose to watch on television and how the girls look that act in them.Another obsession girls are faced with is always looking perfect. They see models in magazines whose facial features are perfect and they want to look like them. Models that have their faces airbrushed and made to look perfect. A lot of models that appear in magazines and advertisement have their faces and morphed to look a specific way that the theatre director wants them to look. A model for Ralph Lauren was a size four and because of her weight problem and was fired.There is a positive way for women to lo se weight. Women think by starving them selves they will reach the weight they want. It is a fact that eating healthy is better for you then not eating anything at all. have a donut for breakfast is healthier then not eating anything at all. Eating breakfast is the most important meal because it gets your metabolism going for their day. The most effective way to lose weight is to eat foods that are healthy for you and exercise daily. Women dont always realize that at that place is a positive way to get rid of un wanted body fat. There are also treatments that speed up the process of losing weight. Women need to realize that starving themselves is not the only way to lose weight and there are other options to get rid of un-wanted body fat (Anthony, 2012).Body image has been womens struggle through out all of history. Most lately the struggle has been more outrageous. Women have been drilled with image of the media that the only way to feel beautiful is too be extremely and unhealt hily skinny. The media has put the images in the average womans head by actresses, models, and other celebrities that have the extremely skinny look and appear perfect and happy. The obsession to be skinny has driven women to many drastic things to their bodies. Women have gone to extreme measures to obtain this thin appearance. Only they think beauty is only the Medias narrow opinion of it. Body image has played a huge role in the lives of women through out the years and with time, has changes, also causing women to have low self esteem issues and in some cases obtaining eating and health issues (Anthony 2012).Body image is how girls see themselves and their self worth. Poor body image can lead to an unhealthy life style. Girls even at the young age of flipper can start facing insecurities about their body. The standards of how society views women as beautiful have changed through out the years. These problems often evolve from people select on them and being blasted by the media that only woman who are a size two are considered beautiful. These issues cause depression and eating disorders among women and some extreme cases the criticism and self-hatred lead to suicide. The media is mostly to blame for these problems and what they say and portray beauty as. Body image has changed and played a role in womens lives through out history, which has cause women to have low self-esteem, and in some cases leads to eating and health disorders.

Changes vs. Improvements :: Social Issues Government Essays

Changes vs. ImprovementsIntolerance, war, inequality and exiguity - these are just a few of the issues found in the texts that we view read this semester. Even though some of them were written hundreds of years ago, the like problems still exist in our world today. Many things use up changed all over time, but they have not necessarily improved. Today, we are still conglomerate in wars and violence with our continued presence in Iraq, Afghanistan and early(a) external countries. We still persecute the poor by raising taxes and cutting capital to the programs like Medicaid and Welfare, while making it easier on the upper classes. We are genuinely intolerant of the practices and beliefs of others whether it is homosexuality, different religious beliefs or opinions on abortion. Most of these issues have been problems in the past, and unless we do something to change them, they will continue to be problems in the future. There is no better place to find illustrations of todays social problems than the newspaper. In the April 15 issue of the Creightonian, the April 14 and April 18 issues of the Omaha knowledge domain Herald there were an abundance of articles about problems today. Despite the fact that writers and other artists were dealing with them hundreds of years ago, these problems are still on the forefront in todays society. In the Omaha World Herald, there were many articles cerebrate to war. They were primarily about the involvement of the United States in Iraq. In one, it referred to a kidnapped American man and how he was videotaped at gunpoint, holding his passport to his actors assistant and apparently pleading the U.S. to withdraw its troops from Iraq. In response, President George scrubbings spokesman said, Our position is well-known when it comes to negotiating. This seems to be a prime example of the idea of One man, or many? meaning it is better to relinquish the life of this one man rather than risk the lives of many . This makes the Bush judgeship seem cold and heartless and shows our stubbornness when it comes to leaving Iraq. Instances like this affirm that it will undoubtedly take a major event for us to exit their country. Another article from the Omaha World Herald was about charge U.S. troops in Afghanistan.

Influenza Fever :: Journalism Media Studies Ireland Health Essays

Influenza FeverDUBLIN, Ireland--It seems as though this year is not a good year for people as we have the macroscopical war going on and at home, people are stuck with a indisposition that the doctors do not know how to make it stop spreading. The epiphytotic has reached a boiling point as every unmatched is unnatural by this disease and it does not matter whether the person lives in Dublin, Ireland or Frankfurt, Germany, the disease button up spreads. People dreaded to hear that they have been infected by that disease, they do not want to hear influenza is the disease that they are twinge from. Although the government has put unwrap public notices that the disease is not morbific and tells people of ways to prevent as well as come up the disease, people are still afraid of it. They are in a state of panic as they are trying any federal agency to protect themselves from having the disease. They are even gullible enough to believe that a real type of nutrition tablet c ould help them to maintain vitality in their system so that they could effectively resist the influenza organism. Although, no iodine really knows how to cure the disease and certainly no one knows what makes one have it and one not, people are still flocking to the store to steal one of these so-called nutrition tablets. However, this is not the worst case that I have seen since arriving at the infected city of Dublin as this up-to-the-minute trend will boggle anyone who has a sensible mind. A irrigate company has advertised that people should not drink normal piss because normal water has micro-organisms that will lead to influenza and only their fool of water is clean and pure and guaranteed to be free from any bacterial impurities. People are lining up at the store that I just passed by to buy the water from this company. Although I think that some of these advertisements about ways to not get influenza are scams, I cannot blame them for thinking that way. The influ enza epidemic not only affected the children but also the economy as workers are infected by the disease. In a boot factory where before at tiffin time one could see a bunch of girls and women come out taking their lunch break, the factory is now almost empty.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Treatment Essay example --

In 1980, the term Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) first came into benevolent race in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third stochastic variable (DSM-III). Only in 1987 did the DSM series make reference to traumatized children. The first major(ip) studies of the effects of large traumas on children were Blochs 1956 study of the effect of a offer in Mississippi, Laceys 1972 study of the effects of an avalanche on a welsh school, Newmans 1976 work on the Buffalo Creek disaster and Terrs 1979 research on the Chowchilla bus kidnapping. Psychological trauma is defined by the American psychiatric Association as an experience beyond the range of usual human experience, that would be markedly distressing to almost anyone, and is usually experienced with overwhelming fear, terror and helplessness (DSM-IIIR, p. 247). Some examples include a serious flagellum to ones life (or that of ones children, spouse, etc.), rape, military combat, natural or accidenta l disasters, and torture. Sexual activeness with an adult would be an example of a traumatic experience for a child. Post-traumatic stress disorderliness (PTSD), as previously defined, is caused by an overwhelming aftermath outside the range of ordinary human experience, such as combat, a natural disaster, or a physical assault. The symptoms include nightmares and other forms of re-experiencing the traumatic event, avoidance of situations and activities that arouse memories of the event, emotional numbness and detachment, pessimism, sleep problems, freakish anger, jumpiness, and difficulty in concentration. There are many symptoms but in that location are also many affects to the functioning of an individual. The functioning defects can turn on an individual into crisis. Memory loss is common a... ...ishes on treatment options. This disorder is typically not fatal however it has the potential to severely disability someones very existence. Get an individual evaluated for th e proper medications and therapies and house them on their way to recovering.ReferencesM.D., J. A. (n.d.). abess.com index page. abess.com index page. Retrieved February 28, 2011, from http//www.abess.comDiagnostic and statistical manual of arms(a) of mental disorders DSM-III-R. (3rd ed.). (1987). Washington, DC American Psychiatric Association.Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-IV-TR. (4th ed.). (2000). Washington, DC American Psychiatric Association.Mayo Clinic. (n.d.). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved February 28, 2011, from http//www.mayoclinic.comNoll, R. (1992). The cyclopaedia of schizophrenia and the psychotic disorders. New York Facts on File.

Essay --

SET EDITION U.S. INTERNATIONAL MXICO ARABIC TV CNN CNNi CNN en Espaol HLN Sign upLog in Home TV & Video CNN Trends U.S. World Politics Justice Entertainment Tech health Living Travel Opinion iReport Money Sports SHARE THIS Print netmail More sharing Colin Powell Fast Facts By CNN Library up examined 335 PM EDT, Tue August 20, 2013 (CNN) -- Heres a look at the life of Colin Powell, antecedent Secretary of State and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Personal Birth date April 5, 1937 Birthplace Harlem, new-made York Birth name Colin Luther Powell Parents Luther Powell, a shipping work Mother Maud Ariel (McKoy) Powell, a seamstress Marriage Alma Vivian (Johnson) Powell (August 25, 1962-present) Children Annemarie Powell (May 1970) Linda Powell (April 1965) Michael Powell (March 1963) Education City College of New York, B.S. in geology,1958 George Washington University, M.B.A.,1971 National struggle College, 1976 Military service U.S. Army, 1958-1993, prevalent Other Facts Powell grew up in the S poph Bronx, the son of Jamaican immigrants. Powell participated in ROTC in college, leading the precision drill team and attaining the top aim offered by the corps, cadet colonel. Military awards include the Legion of Merit, Bronze Star, publicize ornamentation, Soldiers Medal and two Purple Hearts. Civilian awards include the chairpersons Citizens Medal, the Congressional florid Medal, the Secretary of State differentiate Service Medal, and the Secretary of Energy Distinguished Service Medal as well as receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom twice. Powell was the youngest man and first African-American to be Chairman of t... ...ital self-coloured of Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield & Byers as a strategic limited partner. March 2006 - The National War College Foundation establishes the Colin Powell Chair for National Security, Leadership, Character and Ethics. Summer 2007 - Begins to speak out against the Bush administrations decision to go war against Iraq, the increase in heap strength in Iraq and the treatment of prisons at Guantanamo Bay. January 20, 2009 - Is one of the honorary co-chairs of President Barack Obamas inauguration. Powell had endorsed Obama during the 2008 presidential campaign. February 3, 2010 - Powell reverses his stance on gays and lesbians in the military his opposition to homosexuals in the military helped lead to the original Dont Ask, Dont Tell policy of the 1990s. 2012 - Publishes a atomic number 42 memoir, It Worked For Me In Life and Leadership, with Tony Koltz.

Margaret Rose Preston :: Essays Papers

Margaret Rose Preston1875 1963 .. her unquiet temperament has discovered new themes, new colour arrangements, new sources of design- Her colour sence is unerring sparsely added to form, or rich and harmonious. She never repears a motive, and her art, authorized and beautiful, is a complete expression of personality.Lionel Lindsay, Addled blind, (1942), p.51.Her lifeBorn in 1875 in Adelaide, South Australia.According to her own account, Margaret Rose Macpherson decided to set about a painter when, aged twelve, she wantd the smell of the floor review in the New South Wales National Gallery.Margaret studied art in Sydney under W. Lister Lister, at the National Gallery teach, Melbourne, and at the Adelaide School of Design. Shared second prize for painting in 1897.Took pupils of her own to offer herself and save up for a study tour of Europe.In 1904 she went to Munich to witness the Government Art School for Women, going to Paris where she studied at the M calle Guimet and ex hibited still lifes. After a brief return to Adelaide in 1907 she left hand again for Europe.After the outbreak of war in 1914, Margaret, with good helpmate Gladys Reynall, took lessons in pottery making at the London Polytechnic so that they could teach shell-shocked soldiers in the Seale-Hayne Military Neurological Hospital, Devonshire, where Reynells brother was work as a surgeon.In 1919, after returning to Australia by personal manner of North America, she married William George Preston, a businessman, and settled in Sydney. The couple traveled extensively throughout Australia, the Middle East, Africa, Europe and the Pacific Islands.Although well know for her decorative still lifes, she was also a skilful wood engraver and linocut printer. Her woodcut and linocut prints featuring Australian native plants have become very popular in recent years. A writer and lecturer of art, she was a champion of and influenced by Aboriginal bark paintings. She was a member of the Society of Artists, the Australian Art Association and the Contemporary Group, Sydney. At the Paris International Exhibition in 1937 she was awarded a silver medal.Influenced by other famous painters of the time like Cezanne as the greatest of the Moderns Picasso as the greatest living Modern and Matisse and Gaugin for their use of colour.

The Mammy :: essays research papers

The momThe Irish tale depicts the life of a woman named Agnes Browne. The cards deal f exclusivelyen much than once for her, merely with the love of her 7 children and faith, Agnes never losses her strength. The author, Br remainderan OCarroll, adds elements of humor, tragedy, and love to this novel, which makes it challenging to stop reading. Follow me as I talk about The Mammy and how her culture plays a part in her e preciseday life in the late 1960s, in Dublin, Ireland.The book begins with the death of Agnes Brownes maintain Nicholas Browne, whom gets hit by a car. Agnes is now a widow and angiotensin-converting enzyme p arnt to 7 children (6 boys and 1 girl), whom all range in ages 14-3. all in all of her children attend strict Catholic prepares. Although her oldest son wants to drop out of school to help his mother support the household, she wants him to stay and continue. Agnes does not want him to end up like his father was, an abusive drunk, who worked as a janitor for more than 15 years. Though Nicholas Browne beat Agnes, he was never to abut the children. She was very protective of her children and everyone in Dublin knew it.Now Agnes has to raise the children with the funds she gets from the social service office, her stall where she sales her fresh produce everyday, and her Catholic belief. Agnes has a best friend by the name of Marion Monks. The two are very close and do everything together. They go to the local pub all the time and gossip and drink alcohol. The pub they hang out in everyone knew one another and were all very friendly, the neighborhood is very tight. With her very busy life Agnes does find time to daydream about her best-loved singer named Cliff Diamond. She loves to listen to his records and relax. Agnes daydreams of him all the time wishing she could have one dance with him. Then tragedy hits Agnes once again when Marion dies of cancer. She is saddened by the sudden death of her best friend, but she has such strong strength, she knows Marion is aspect down on her. At the end of the book Agnes dream comes straight when she is surprised with a visit from Cliff Diamond and looks up in the sky to thank her friend Marion for watching over her.

Destruction and Failure of a Generation in Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsb

The Great Gatsby and the Destruction of a contemporaries The beauty and splendor of Gatsbys parties masks the decay and depravation that lay at the bone marrow of the Roaring Twenties. The society of the Jazz Age, as observed by Fitzgerald, is chastely bankrupt, and thus continually plagued by a crisis of character. Jay Gatsby, though he struggles to be a part of this world, remains unalterably an outsider. His life is a reverend irony, in that it is a caricature of Twenties-style ostentation his closet overflows with custom-made shirts his lawn teems with the office people, all engaged in the serious work of absolute littleness his mannerisms (his false British accent, his old-boy friendliness) are laughably affected. Despite all this, he can never be truly a part of the corruption that surrounds him he remains intrinsically great. Nick Carrway reflects that Gatsbys determination, his lofty goals, and most significantly the grand character of his dreams sets him above his vu lgar contemporaries. F. Scott Fitzgerald constructs Gatsby as a authoritative American dreamer, set against the decay of American society during the 1920s. By eulogizing the sad fate of dreamers, Fitzgerald thereby denounces 1920s America as an age of cecity and greed an age hostile to the work of dreaming. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald heralds the razing of his own generation. Since America has always held its entrepreneurs in the highest regard, one might convey Fitzgerald to glorify this heroic version of the American Dreamer in the pages of his novel. Instead, Fitzgerald suggests that the social corruption which prevailed in the 1920s was uniquely inhospitable to dreamers in fact, it was these men who led the most unfortunate lives of all... ...ible Honesty Mongrel Manhattan in the 1920s. clean York Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1995. Fielder, Leslie. Some Notes on F. Scott Fitzgerald. Mizener 70-76. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. 1925. rising York Scribner Classic, 1986. Hobsbawm, Eric. The Age of Extremes. New York Pantheon, 1994. Posnock, Ross. A New World, Material Without Being Real Fitzgeralds Critique of Capitalism in The Great Gatsby. tiny Essays on Scott Fitzgeralds Great Gatsby. Ed. Scott Donaldson. Boston Hall, 1984. 201-13. Raleigh, John Henry. F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby. Mizener 99-103. Spindler, Michael. American literary productions and Social Change. Bloomington Indiana UP, 1983. Trilling, Lionel. F. Scott Fitzgerald. Critical Essays on Scott Fitzgeralds Great Gatsby. Ed. Scott Donaldson. Boston Hall, 1984. 13-20.

Media and the Military :: Media Argumentative Persuasive Argument

Media and the Military During the Vietnam warfare the media was left unchecked and brought the war quantify images of remnant and carnage into Americas living room. Theseimages served as morale killers and eventually turned untold of the publicagainst its own g all overning body. During the Gulf War on the other hand, the army filtered what reached the publics eye and morale was kept to alltime highs. In wartime the government should be able to manipulate publicopinion by arbitrary the media. War is not pretty, and it is not for the weak at heart. Images ofwar should not be broadcast into living rooms live. During the Vietnamconflict this is what happened. Pictures and real time video of our troopsbeing slaughtered during battles of the Tet offensive and the siege of KheSahn were sent house for all of America to see (Klein 50-51). Again, war isnot pretty and the style you keep morale up is you dont let the public knowhow atrocious war really is. Television is one of the most powerful tools of media and by themid 1960s television had become the most important source for news formost of the Ameri bay window public, and beyond that, perhaps, the most powerfulsingle enamour on the public. (Hallin 106) So people trusted whatreporters like Walter Cronkite were telling them. They believed it whenNBC journalists told them things like, the Marines are so bogged down inHue that nobody will shout out when the battle would endmore than 500marines have been wounded and over 100 dead since the in Hue began. (Klein51) Dont get the wrong subject though, these things really happened notwithstanding thepublic didnt need to know it. The constitution and initiatory amendment still mean something butnational security should come first. mickle rioting all over the countryin anti war protests should be an issue of national security. Without thesupport of your homefront no country can win a war, especially a foreignwar (Franklin 250). It is unthinkable to get support at home when NBC isshowing them pictures of their boys getting massacred any night on thenightly news. On the other hand, during the Gulf War in Iraq the horrors of warstill existed, maybe not to the same extent, but they were therenonetheless. These horrors however where kept out of our living rooms bysystematic filtering by the US army. Now the army didnt just absorb tapesand erase bad parts. Very few reporters and cameras were allowed to thefront lines.